How Women Rank in Traditional Female Jobs

​Stereotypes hold true when it comes to the jobs that most women work. Asked to name the traditional careers typically pursued by women, most of us could easily come up with the jobs that employ the most women. Secretaries, nurses, and teachers top the list. Together, these three occupations provide jobs for around 12 percent of all working women. Women in the Workforce Working women are a sizable chunk of the population. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 70 million women age 16 and over were employed in 2016 in both full- and part-time jobs. Thats nearly 60 percent of the female population. In management, women are making great strides, accounting for nearly 40 percent of managers in the labor force. And yet, in 2014 it was reported that 4.8 percent of all women made an hourly rate at or below the federal minimum wage. Thats almost 1.9 million women. According to the 2015 Women in the Labor Force: A Databook, 5.3 percent of women who are employed work more than one job and 5.3 percent were self-employed. Compare this to 4.5 percent of men with multiple jobs and 7.4 percent who are self-employed. Traditional Occupations of Working Women Looking at the  top ten occupations that employ the most women, together they provide jobs for around 28% of the female workforce.   The following table shows what those occupations are according to a 2008 report and with the updated 2016 statistics for comparison. One thing you might find surprising is the wage gap found in these traditionally female jobs. The average weekly salary earned by women continues to fall behind that of their male colleagues. Occupation 2016 Total Women Employed 2016 % Women Workers 2008 % Women Workers 2016 Average Weekly Salary Secretaries Administrative Assistants 2,595,000 94.6% 96.1% $708(men earn $831) Registered Nurses 2,791,000 90.0% 91.7% $1,143(men earn $1261) Teachers - Elementary Middle School 2,231,000 78.5% 81.2% $981(men earn $1126) Cashiers 2,386,000 73.2% 75.5% $403(men earn $475) Retail Salespersons 1,603,000 48.4% 52.2% $514(men earn $730) Nursing, Psychatric, Home Health Aides 1,813,000 88.1% 88.7% $498(men earn $534) First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers 1,447,000 44.1% 43.4% $630(men earn $857) Wait Staff ( waitresses) 1,459,000 70.0% 73.2% $441(men earn $504) Receptionists Information Clerks 1,199,000 90.1% 93.6% $581(men earn$600) Bookkeeping, Accounting Auditing Clerks 1,006,000 88.5% 91.4% $716(men earn $790) What Does the Future Hold? The change in the demographics of Americas labor force is changing slowly, but according to the U.S. Department of Labor, its significant. It is projected that we will see a slowdown in growth and at the same time women will continue to make gains.   In the 2002 report A Century of Change: The U.S. Labor Force, 1950-2050,  the Department of Labor notes that women have increased their numbers at an extremely rapid pace in the past 50 years. It anticipates that growth to slow down from the 2.6 percent seen from 1950 to 2000 to 0.7 percent from 2000 to 2050. While that report projects women making up 48 percent of the workforce in 2050, in 2016 were sitting at 46.9 percent. If women continue to progress at even the projected 0.7 percent rate, we will have topped that 48 percent by 2020, 30 years earlier than projected just 16 years prior. The future for working women looks bright and the prospects reach far beyond the traditional jobs for women. Source Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. 2016. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex. 2016.  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.20 Leading Occupations of Employed Women: 2008 Annual Averages. 2009. Womens Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor.

The Effects Of High Unemployment On Namibia - 1450 Words

Causes of high unemployment in Namibia The details below analyze the unemployment rate in Namibia and it reveals that jobless growth appears to be norm in the country with unemployment rate increasing even in the time of high economic growth as measured by GDP (gross domestic product). This shows that unemployment in Namibia does not react to cyclical changes in the level of economic activities. There are some key factors that contribute to high unemployment rate in Namibia. Population Growth Changing Demographics Figure 3 Source: Own compilation based on data obtained from the National Bureau of statistics (Namibia statistics agency) and World Bank (2015). (Strict unemployment) Figure 3 shows that population has been increasing†¦show more content†¦Figure 4 above shows that youth unemployment has been high in Namibia since 1991 that records the level of youth unemployment rate of 35.2% from 19% of total unemployment. Youth unemployment rate reported all time low in 1994 with 32% from 19.4% of total unemployment and all time high in 2008 with total youth unemployment rate of 59.9% from 37.6% of total unemployment the cause of this high rate in 2008 was caused by the global economic crises and the closing down of mining operations and some manufacturing industry in the country. The fast growing of total youth population in Namibia is due the improvement of health conditions, slow down of mortality rate and fertility rate. Increases in Female Labor Force Participation Over the previous years, Namibia experienced an increase in the labor force participation of women. Especially between 1997 to 2008 women in labor forces participation increases with 10.7%, compared to men’s labor forces participation which increases with 6.5% in the same period, which is 4.2% less than women labor force participation growth as shown in figure 5. This development reflects a change in society and is caused by factors such as, women high level of education attainment, women independence, affirmative action laws, just to mention few. This shows that as more and more women enter the labor market, and finding no job opportunities many of them enters the mass of unemployed Namibians. Figure 5 Source:

Pathophysiology Free Essays

The causes or pathogenesis are usually multiracial. Several risk factors can predispose to infection or initiate inflammation and subsequently the infectious process. Intact canal skin and cerement production have a protective effect against infections. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathophysiology or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is secondary to the fact that cerement produces a pH in the ear canal that is slightly acidic. On the other hand, breakdown of skin integrity, insufficient cerement production, or blockage of the ear canal with cerement (which promotes water retention) can predispose to Infection. Skin Integrity can be Injured by direct aroma, heat, and moisture or persistent water In the ear canal. Such damage Is thought to be necessary for initiation of the inflammatory process. Subsequently, edema may result, followed by bacterial inoculation and overgrowth. In Otis External, the infection is caused by bacteria or fungi. Scratching, inserting objects into the ear canal, or moisture (from swimming, for example can make the ear canal vulnerable to Infection. The external auditory canal is a cylinder measuring approximately 2. 5 CM in length and 7. 0 to 9. 0 mm in width, extending from the conchs’ cartilage of the auricle to the humanity membrane . It Is divided Into a lateral (outer) cartilaginous portion that occupies approximately one-third of the canal and a medial (Inner) bony portion that occupies the remaining two-thirds. Their junction is termed the isthmus and is the narrowest region of the ear canal. The outer cartilaginous portion is lined by thicker skin with numerous addenda structures including cerement glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. The inner bony portion of the canal contains thin skin without subcutaneous tissue. The dermis In this area Is In direct contact with the underlying peritoneum. Thus, minimal Inflammation or Instrumentation of the bony canal causes significant pain and/or Injury. The Inferior tympanis recess Is a small depression In the inferior medial aspect of the ear canal, adjacent to the tympanis membrane. Debris can collect in this area and cause or perpetuate infection. The lining of the ear canal is a exaggerating exogamous epithelium that undergoes continual sloughing. Epithelial migration is a naturally occurring cleaning process for the ear canal that allows egress of keratin debris and cerement. Epithelial migration begins in the center of the tympanis membrane and continues out to the medial, then lateral aspects of the ear canal. The ear canal is bound superiorly by the middle cranial Foss, interiorly by the temporariness’s Joint and paranoid region, medially by the tympanis membrane, posterior by the mastoid cavity, and inferiorly by the skull base and soft tissues of the neck. These boundaries have particular importance when considering the potential complications of external Otis. The fissures of Sanatoria are a series of embryological fissures In the anterior aspect of the fissures also allow potential spread of ear canal disease to the paranoid region, temporariness’s Joint, and soft tissue of the upper neck. How to cite Pathophysiology, Papers

Enemy Of The People Essay Example For Students

Enemy Of The People Essay How Home-Schooling Really Got StartedPeople have often been known to find comfort in numbers and to therefore enter into social contracts with others living around them. People feel safer in groups and so they choose to give up certain rights and privileges for protection from their peers. This inevitably leads to domination of man over man. People choose leaders to make their decisions for them, or they do as the majority says. It is very rare for people to make rational decisions and carry to them to their full potential once they have entered into a social contract. The desire to follow the crowd which is created by this social setting is deplorable and is therefore the main object of critism in Henrick Ibsen’s play An Enemy of the People. The play is set in a small town in Norway that has just begun to develop the wings it needed to expand and become prosperous. This is in the most part due to The Baths; a business Dr. Stockmann and his brother Peter began, to cure the sick through spa treatments and rest. At the beginning, it seems as though The Baths had just begun to take off. The play is set in the Stockmanns kitchen where Mr. Billings, a close friend and member of the Peoples Herald, is having dinner. He is then joined by Hovstad, also a member of the Peoples Herald, and in the absence of Dr. Stockmann they discuss the future of The Baths. The Mayor, who is also Thomas brother, stops in unexpectedly to have a word regarding The Baths. Since Dr. Stockmann has not yet arrived home from his walk with his sons; Billings, Hovstad, and the mayor begin to discuss future events. Hovstad explains to the mayor that he can see nothing but good in the future for the town, and that Dr. Stockmann had been holding an article he had written that was sure to spark interest in his recent discovery. At this point it is obvious that the relationship between Dr. Stockmann and his brother Peter is not the strongest. They seem to struggle on seeing eye-to-eye on several issues. Before Dr. Stockmann arrives home, his wife Katherine is comforting Peter, since he has taken great offense to Hovstads comment about The Baths being Thomas discovery. Dr. Stockmann arrives and is pleasantly surprised to see another dinner guest, Captain Horster, on his way in. His friends and brother have been awaiting him. A string of many arguments between the Stockmann brothers begins when Peter disagrees with the way Dr. Stockmann lives his life, and more importantly the steps being taken to promote The Baths, such as the secret article. After the Mayor exits, the dinner party at the Stockmanns continues. Thomas becomes very anxious about the mail and an awaited letter. His daughter Petra arrives with the letter, and explains that the postman handed it to her on her way out that morning. Dr. Stockmann is overjoyed to see its arrival, and excites his guests with the potential for big news. He takes the letter into his study to read privately. Meanwhile Petra, who is a teacher, gives her opinion regarding the problem with the school system, and that if she had the money she would start her own school where children would learn what was really important. Captain Horster shows his support in the new school, and offers Petra his fathers house to accommodate. Petras response shows a bit of foreshadowing as she politely thanks the Captain, but explains that nothing will ever come of it. Dr. Stockmann comes out of his room waving the letter, and proclaiming that the news will definitely have tongues wagging around town. All of the guests anxiously sit up to hear this long awaited news. Dr. Stockmann explains that his recent observation of patients getting sick with typhoid and gastric fevers made him curious, so he took samples of the water and sent them out to be tested. He held the results in his hand; results that proved the water to be contaminated and poisoned. The doctor had also discovered that the source of contamination came from Molledal, an industry owned and operated by his father-in-law. The contaminated water was seeping into The Baths water pipes